[6] Maria Antonia had a difficult but ultimately loving relationship with her mother,[7] who referred to her as "the little Madame Antoine". Died in childhood; no issue. She was brought before the Revolutionary tribunal on October 14, 1793, and was guillotined two days later. In her new role and with increasing political power, the queen tried to improve the awkward situation brewing between the assembly and the king. and could not return to France. Marie-Antoinette d'Autriche (1755 - 1793) fut reine de France de 1774 à 1793 et l’épouse de Louis XVI. This gave the impression, partially justified, that the queen had sided with Austria against France. [115] Brienne was unable to improve the financial situation, and since he was the queen's ally, this failure adversely affected her political position. Marie Antoinette d'Autriche Reine de France. Discredited by the royal family’s failed escape, Marie-Antoinette attempted to shore up the rapidly deteriorating position of the crown by opening secret negotiations with the leaders of the constitutional monarchists in the Constituent Assembly, namely Antoine Barnave and Theodore and Alexandre de Lameth. At the end of May she seemed to have intervened little in politics, as she was distracted by the illness of her elder son, who died early in June. [225] Her life has been the subject of many films, such as the 2006 film Marie Antoinette. Lafayette's reputation never recovered from the event and, on 8 October, he resigned as commander of the Garde Nationale. Her rejection of reform provoked unrest, and her policy of court resistance to the progress of the French Revolution finally led to the overthrow of the monarchy in August 1792. Once Louis XVI finally did commit to a plan, its poor execution was the cause of its failure. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. parcours de vie (Béa) père meut lorsqu'elle a 18 ans et devient reine du pays. [117], The queen attempted to fight back with propaganda portraying her as a caring mother, most notably in the painting by Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun exhibited at the Royal Académie Salon de Paris in August 1787, showing her with her children. Upon her arrival in France, she adopted the French version of her name: Marie Antoinette. "[196] This was the most difficult period of her captivity. [153], The only time the royal couple returned to Paris in that period was on 14 July to attend the Fête de la Fédération, an official ceremony held at the Champ de Mars in commemoration of the fall of the Bastille one year earlier. She deliberately did not wear much jewellery, wishing it to be known that her children were her only true treasure. On 21 September 1792, the monarchy was abolished. This last accusation drew an emotional response from Marie Antoinette, who refused to respond to this charge, instead appealing to all mothers present in the room. [16][17] The couple's longtime failure to consummate the marriage plagued the reputations of both Louis-Auguste and Marie Antoinette for the next seven years. Accueil; Portails thématiques; Article au hasard; Contact Ver más ideas sobre María antonieta, Vestidos de época, La película maría antonieta. On lui reprocha ses liens avec l'étranger. [142][143] Despite these dramatic changes, life at the court continued, while the situation in Paris was becoming critical because of bread shortages in September. [100] The majority of Marie Antoinette's and Louis XVII's biographers believe that the young prince was the biological son of Louis XVI, including Stefan Zweig and Antonia Fraser, who believe that Fersen and Marie Antoinette were indeed romantically involved. Religion played an important role in the life of Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI, both raised in the Roman Catholic faith. The books were published in 1793, the year the royal couple were executed. The stigma of being a representative of Austria when a connection with Vienna was unpopular in France remained with her throughout her life. [84] In 2016, the Telegraph's Henry Samuel announced that researchers at France's Research Centre for the Conservation of Collections (CRCC), "using cutting-edge x-ray and different infrared scanners," had deciphered a letter from her that proved the affair. However, when the portraitist began her composition in 1786, there were four royal children. Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. [81], In June 1783, Marie Antoinette's new pregnancy was announced, but on the night of 1–2 November, her 28th birthday, she suffered a miscarriage. De Marie-Thérèse d'Autriche, Elisabeth Badinter consacre bien plus qu'une biographie ordinaire. She was under constant surveillance, with no privacy. Several events were linked to Marie Antoinette during the Revolution after the government had placed the royal family under house arrest in the Tuileries Palace in October 1789. Even the king, who had been hesitant, accepted his wife's decision to flee with the help of foreign powers and counter-revolutionary forces. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. She became dauphine of France in May 1770 at age 14 upon her marriage to Louis-Auguste, heir apparent to the French throne. Marie-Antoinette was queen of France from 1774 to 1793 and is associated with the decline of the French monarchy. [...], Auction est la plateforme de vente aux enchères d'objets d'art de référence. Her second son, the future Louis XVII, was born in March 1785. [3][4] Maria Antonia was born on All Souls Day, a Catholic day of mourning, and during her childhood her birthday was instead celebrated the day before, on All Saint's Day, due to the connotations of the date. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. While some advocated her death, others proposed exchanging her for French prisoners of war or for a ransom from the Holy Roman Emperor. Download this stock image: Execution in the guillotine of Marie-Antoinette D'Autriche octobre 16, 1793. [152] An agreement was reached turning Mirabeau into one of her political allies: Marie Antoinette promised to pay him 6000 livres per month and one million if he succeeded in his mission to restore the king's authority. While Barnave's faction had dropped to 120 members, the new Girondin majority controlled the legislative assembly with 330 members. The château's high price, almost 6 million livres, plus the substantial extra cost of redecorating, ensured that much less money was going towards repaying France's substantial debt. audreylovesparis: “This cypher of Marie Antoinette adorns the cover of her Prayer Book. [212][213] Her last words are recorded as, "Pardonnez-moi, monsieur. Some historians believe the outcome of the trial had been decided in advance by the Committee of Public Safety around the time the Carnation Plot (fr) was uncovered. She blamed him for his support of the Revolution and did not regret his resignation in 1790.[147][148]. People with similar attributes to Marie Antoinette D AUTRICHE. Marie Antoinette and her husband … Marie Antoinette (2 November 1755 – 16 October 1793) was the last Queen of France, as the wife of King Louis XVI, before the monarchy was abolished in the French Revolution. There were and still claims that the two were romantically involved,[83] but since most of their correspondence has been lost or destroyed, there is no conclusive evidence. The letter did not reach Élisabeth. [14][15][4] On 14 May she met her husband at the edge of the forest of Compiègne. This object is in the public domain (CC0 1.0).This object is Marie-Antoinette d'Autriche, reine de France with the accession number of 71.002.4.To request high-resolution files or new photography, please send an email to imagerequest@risd.edu and include your name and the object's … Non connecté; Discussion; Contributions; Créer un compte; Navigation. On the way to the capital they were jeered and insulted by the people as never before. However, when the portraitist began her composition in 1786, there were four royal children. Initially, the majority was with Barnave, but the queen's policies led to the radicalization of the Assembly and the moderates lost control of the legislative process. 18th Century Fashion Renaissance Dresses Chronicles Of Narnia Rococo Style Art For Art Sake Travel Design Louis Xvi. This article was most recently revised and updated by, Early life and role in the court of Louis XVI, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Marie-Antoinette-queen-of-France, The Catholic Encyclopedia - Biography of Marie Antoinette, The World of the Habsburgs - Biography of Marie Antoinette, Web Gallery of Art - Biography of Marie-Antoinette, Marie-Antoinette - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Marie-Antoinette - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Étienne-François de Choiseul, duc de Choiseul, Jean-Frédéric Phélypeaux, comte de Maurepas. At this point, the tide against royal authority intensified in the population and political parties, while Marie Antoinette encouraged the king to veto the new laws voted by the Legislative Assembly in 1792. The 11th daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Francis I and Maria Theresa, Marie-Antoinette was just 14 years old when she was married to the dauphin Louis, grandson of France’s King Louis XV, on May 16, 1770. Sophie-Béatrice, the … Marie-Antoinette was the youngest daughter of the Holy Roman emperor Francis I and Maria Theresa. She did participate in the King Council, the first queen to do this in over 175 years (since Marie de' Medici had been named Chef du Conseil du Roi, between 1614 and 1617), and she was making the major decisions behind the scene and in the Royal Council. After France declared war on Austria in April 1792, Marie-Antoinette’s continuing intrigues with the Austrians further enraged the French. 06-dic-2019 - Explora el tablero de Marce Ramos Baez "Marie-Antoinette d'Autriche" en Pinterest. supprimés ou omis par Courtois...", "The Many Bodies of Marie Antoinette: Political Pornography and the Problem of the Feminine in the French Revolution", "Celebrating Marie-Antoinette on her birthday", "Marie Antoinette's silk shoe goes up for sale in Versailles", Story of Marie Antoinette with Primary Sources, Marie Antoinette's official Versailles profile, Online catalog of Marie Antoinette's personal reading library, Celebrating Marie-Antoinette blog article, Isabella Clara Eugenia, Co-sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands, Maria Christina, Princess of Transylvania, Maria Maddalena, Grand Duchess of Tuscany, Eleanor, Queen of Poland, Duchess of Lorraine, Maria Anna Josepha, Electoral Princess of the Palatinate, Maria Clementina, Hereditary Princess of Naples, Margaretha Klementine, Princess of Thurn and Taxis, Princess Karoline Marie of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Maria Henrietta, Princess of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst, Elisabeth Marie, Princess of Windisch-Graetz, Margarita, Marchioness Taliani di Marchio, Catherine, Duchess of Mantua and Montferrat, Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples and Sicily, Auguste Ferdinande, Princess Luitpold of Bavaria, Maria Theresa, Archduchess Charles Stephen of Austria, Karoline Marie, Princess Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Maria Immaculata, Nobile Inigo Neri Sereneri, Agnes, Princess Karl Alfred of Liechtenstein, Princess Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate, Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria-Este, Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen, François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau, Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth, Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau, List of people associated with the French Revolution, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie_Antoinette&oldid=994969893, French people executed by guillotine during the French Revolution, People executed for treason against France, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2011, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020, Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from August 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2019, Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. {{Citation | title=Marie-Antoinette d'Autriche, reine de France, a la nation | author1=Marie Antoinette, Queen, consort of Louis XVI, King of France, 1755-1793 | author2=Grangé | year=1789 | publisher=De l'imprimerie de Grangé | language=French }} Marie-Antoinette-Thérèse-Josèphe d'Autriche, archiduchesse d'Autriche, née le 18 janvier 1669 au Palais de la Hofburg de Vienne et morte dans le même lieu le 24 décembre 1692, est une des filles de Léopold I er du Saint-Empire et de Marguerite-Thérèse d'Autriche. Learn about the things movies have gotten wrong about the life of Marie-Antoinette. De… On 10 August 1792, the attack on the Tuileries forced the royal family to take refuge at the Assembly, and they were imprisoned in the Temple Prison on 13 August. EMBED. Among the accusations, many previously published in the libelles, were: orchestrating orgies in Versailles, sending millions of livres of treasury money to Austria, planning the massacre of the gardes françaises (National Guards) in 1792,[201] declaring her son to be the new king of France, and incest, a charge made by her son Louis Charles, pressured into doing so by the radical Jacques Hébert who controlled him. [96] This was unpopular, particularly with those factions of the nobility who disliked the queen, but also with a growing percentage of the population, who disapproved of a Queen of France independently owning a private residence. [73][74], Despite the general celebration over the birth of the Dauphin, Marie Antoinette's political influence, such as it was, did greatly benefit Austria. As to Fersen, despite the strong restriction imposed on the queen, he was able to see her a final time in February 1792.[175]. Dimensions: Height: 65.5 cm (25.7 in); Width: 54.4 cm (21.4 in) Collection: Palace of Versailles Native name: Château de Versailles: Parent institution: Versailles domain Location: Château de Versailles Place d’Armes 78000 Versailles, … Elle fut impératrice de l'un des plus puissants empires. In an elaborate attempt known as the Flight to Varennes to reach the royalist stronghold of Montmédy, some members of the royal family were to pose as the servants of an imaginary "Mme de Korff", a wealthy Russian baroness, a role played by Louise-Élisabeth de Croÿ de Tourzel, governess of the royal children. [190][191], The queen, now called "Widow Capet", plunged into deep mourning. She became increasingly unpopular among the people, however, with the French libelles accusing her of being profligate, promiscuous, harboring sympathies for France's perceived enemies—particularly her native Austria—and her children of being illegitimate. [13], Following the Seven Years' War and the Diplomatic Revolution of 1756, Empress Maria Theresa decided to end hostilities with her longtime enemy, King Louis XV of France. People with similar attributes to Marie Antoinette D AUTRICHE. After Madame Roland sent a letter to the king denouncing the queen's role in these matters, urged by the queen, Louis XVI disbanded[citation needed] the government, thus losing his majority in the Assembly. Diary and Correspondence of Count Axel Fersen: Grand … The play was a disaster for the image of the monarchy and aristocracy. Their reaction comforted her since these women were not otherwise sympathetic to her. [157][158][159] Fersen and Breteuil, who represented her in the courts of Europe, were put in charge of the escape plan, while Marie Antoinette continued her negotiations with some of the moderate leaders of the French Revolution.[160][161]. [220], Marie-Antoinette is also known for her taste for fine things, and her commissions from famous craftsmen, such as Jean-Henri Riesener, suggest more about her enduring legacy as a woman of taste and patronage. She counted most on the support of her Austrian family. Preparations began for the trial of the king in a court of law. More than that, the decree by de Ségur, the minister of war, requiring four quarterings of nobility as a condition for the appointment of officers, blocked the access of commoners to important positions in the armed forces, challenging the concept of equality, one of the main grievances and causes of the French Revolution. The main actors in the scandal were Cardinal de Rohan, prince de Rohan-Guéméné, Great Almoner of France, and Jeanne de Valois-Saint-Rémy, Comtesse de La Motte, a descendant of an illegitimate child of Henry II of France of the House of Valois. His relationship with the king was more cordial. After many delays, the escape was ultimately attempted on 21 June 1791, but the entire family was arrested less than twenty-four hours later at Varennes and taken back to Paris within a week. Après 8 ans 1/2 après son mariage, elle accouche de son 1er enfant, le seul qui parviendra à l'âge adulte. The basis of their secret understanding with the queen was that, after the constitution had been revised so as to bolster the executive power of the king, it should be loyally accepted and implemented by Louis XVI. The role that she played in French internal and foreign policy between the accession of Louis XVI and the outbreak of the Revolution has probably been much exaggerated. It was ultimately her husband’s personal weakness and political nullity that forced Marie-Antoinette to play such a prominent political role during the Revolution. During this time the queen had been deprived of the company of many of her most intimate friends, as they had emigrated after the fall of the Bastille, but she continued to display great personal courage that sustained the royal family both then and throughout its later disasters. [172][173], Marie Antoinette continued to hope that the military coalition of European kingdoms would succeed in crushing the Revolution. Died in childhood on the very day the Estates General convened. He sat by her in the cart, but she ignored him all the way to the scaffold. Marie-Antoinette, par M Vigée-Lebrun en 1783. On November 1, 1661, Queen Marie-Therese, the shy, retiring Spanish wife of King Louis XIV of France, went into labor. Ce projet voit le jour une douzaine d’années plus tard : le duc de Berry, dauphin de France, âgé de 15 ans, épouse Marie-Antoinette, archiduchesse d’Autriche, âgée de Rousseau ascribes these words to a "great princess", but the purported writing date precedes Marie Antoinette's arrival in France. Biographie de Marie-Antoinette d'Autriche archiduchesse d’Autriche, princesse impériale, princesse royale de Hongrie et de Bohême, (née le 2 novembre 1755 à Vienne – morte le 16 octobre 1793 à Paris), fut la dernière reine de France et de Navarre (1774–1792), épouse … Please select which sections you would like to print: Corrections? [181] In August 1791, the Declaration of Pillnitz threatened an invasion of France. )[166], After their return from Varennes and until the storming of the Tuileries on 10 August 1792, the queen, her family and entourage were held under tight surveillance by the Garde Nationale in the Tuileries, where the royal couple was guarded night and day. Publication of such calumnies continued to the end, climaxing at her trial with an accusation of incest with her son. Incarcérée au Temple après le 10 août 1792. At least once she received a visit by a Catholic priest. [205] In the hours left to her, she composed a letter to her sister-in-law, Madame Élisabeth, affirming her clear conscience, her Catholic faith, and her love and concern for her children. Directed by Benjamin Lehrer. [88] Its creation, however, caused another uproar when its cost became widely known. Marie Antoinette, who had insisted on the arrest of the Cardinal, was dealt a heavy personal blow, as was the monarchy, and despite the fact that the guilty parties were tried and convicted, the affair proved to be extremely damaging to her reputation, which never recovered from it. [55][56], In the middle of the queen's pregnancy two events occurred which had a profound effect on her later life: the return of her friend and lover, the Swedish diplomat Count Axel von Fersen[57] to Versailles for two years, and her brother's claim to the throne of Bavaria, contested by the Habsburg monarchy and Prussia. Until her removal from the Temple, Marie Antoinette spent hours trying to catch a glimpse of her son, who, within weeks, had been made to turn against her, accusing his mother of wrongdoing.